Properties, features and uses of blue cat's eye

Breeds of cats with blue eyes are developed thanks to the knowledge of genetics. There are a large number of such types. These animals have different coat lengths, but they are usually divided as follows according to color:

• epistatically white;
• bicolor: a combination of a snow-white shade with another;
• acromelanistic (temperature-dependent) color.

Such animals are found in all groups of breeds: longhaired, semi-longhaired, shorthaired, Siamese-oriental, hairless.

The most beautiful blue-eyed cat Kobe

Why do cats have blue eyes?

Eye color in almost all cases directly depends on genetics, but there are exceptions, for example, when eye color changes as the cat grows up or this is explained by a lack of melanin. It is these pigments that are responsible not only for the color of the iris, but also for the color of the skin and coat color.

In addition to blue shades, others may be present; heterochromia is also common among such cats. This is one of the pathologies of the color of the iris, when the shade is uneven or the eyes are completely different colors.

There are a lot of cat breeds with blue eyes in the world and here are the most popular ones.

Petersburg Sphinx

Russian beauty

The ancestors of the breed are the Don Sphynx and the Oriental cat. The kittens from this mating, born in Murino (Leningrad region), became the first in the new breed.

Unusual appearance is the calling card of the St. Petersburg sphinxes. Some cats of this breed, depending on their color, can also boast blue eyes.

The St. Petersburg Sphinx is a sophisticated, unusual and positive creature. Cats are more like dogs in character than their own kind. Owners of Peterbalds, as representatives of the breed are also called, assure that their pets are extremely smart and very people-oriented.

By the way, Peterbalds can be either completely hairless or woolly. There are several types of coat of the breed.

And one more fact about the St. Petersburg sphinxes. Hairless kittens are born with open eyes; those with fur open their eyes on the 5th day after birth.

Javanese

The longhaired breed is one of the varieties of domestic cats. By their nature, they are also mischievous, so they should not be left without toys and unattended. They themselves are friendly and affectionate, but despite this they are very stubborn, get used to their owners and have a hard time with separation.

Their health is not the best, they need to be protected and given a lot of attention to care. An interesting feature is the unique structure of the wool, to which people are not allergic. One can note very beautiful eyes, but despite this, strabismus is common among this breed.

Javanese

How to stay healthy

Pets of the Thai breed have good immunity, but this does not mean that they should refuse vaccinations. The health of these pets needs to be monitored like the health of any cat.

Cats may be susceptible to diseases of the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Although their genetics are good, there are a number of diseases that they are prone to. These are hydrocephalus, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and breast tumors.

Cats are also susceptible to dental disease. For prevention, it is recommended to regularly brush your teeth. With proper care of your pet, the risk of disease is reduced.

Balinese cat

This is also a long-haired domestic breed. They become very attached to their owner, they are loyal, devoted and constantly require attention, but even with such affection they will feel fine alone. Cheerful, active, friendly, easy to get along with children and pets in the house. They need a lot of space to use their energy to the fullest. The physique of such cats is slender and muscular, which can explain their energy. Unfortunately, this breed cannot boast of good health, so they need careful care.

Balinese cat

Summarizing

A person who wants to have a snow-white, blue-eyed kitten has plenty of choice. In more than a dozen breeds, you can find this aristocratic combination of iris and coat colors. The most important thing is to choose a specific breed, contact the breeder and communicate your intention to become the owner of a cat or cat of a certain color. If at this time there is no kitten of the desired color, you can stand in line and ask to be notified of the birth of the animal immediately.

Himalayan cats

This is a breed of long-haired cats with a fairly thick coat. They are sociable, friendly and inquisitive, they get very used to people, they also love attention to their person, but at the same time they are comfortable being alone. By nature, they are not the most active, preferring peace and quiet, so they are great for people with a similar lifestyle, but for active people this is not the best option. The body of representatives of this breed is round in shape, the paws are not long. Unlike the previous ones, these cats have excellent health and rarely get sick.

Himalayan cat

What causes the blue and white combination?

1. White dominance. The genetic code W is responsible for the white coat color and blue eyes. It is dominant, i.e. Just one copy is enough for a cat to inherit it. W prevents the formation of melanin. That is, if, for example, a kitten is genetically red, but is a carrier of W, then this color will not appear, it will be disguised. The problem with such cats is that they are often deaf from birth, since this gene also affects acoustics.
2. Albinism - there are five alleles of albinism; the cats of the first two we considered have blue eyes, i.e. Siamese and blue-eyed albinos: Siamese (CSCS). This code is recessive and is inherited from both parents. In the Siamese/colorpoint breed, it provokes a partial lightening of the coat color: from black to brown (this phenomenon is called the Himalayan mutation). CSCS makes the coloring heat-sensitive: the paws, ears, tail are dark in tone, and the body is light.
3. Blue-eyed albino (CACA) differs from epistatically white individuals; in CACA, genetic color is not masked and pigment is absent.
4. Solid color (C).
5. Burmese (CB).
6. Albino with red eyes (CC).

Siamese cat
Speaking about heredity, it is worth mentioning separately about Ojos Azules cats. They have their own code - So. Ojus Azules are a rare breed, their color is colorful, but their eyes are always blue. They have no problems with either hearing or vision, unlike Siamese and epistatically white cats. However, Ojos Azules have other congenital problems, incl. skull defects, stillbirth.

All-white and part-white cats often have different eye colors. This phenomenon, which is medically called heterochromia, is associated with the distribution of melanin in the iris. If there is little pigment in one of the eyes, then it turns out blue.

1111

Burmese cat

This is one of the old breeds that appeared back in 1919 in Europe; the cats themselves are small, although they create the illusion of massiveness. They are good-natured, affectionate and get along well with other pets in the house and do not cope well with loneliness. Yes, they are playful, cheerful and curious, but at the same time quite calm. The main feature of this breed is its color, which acquires a different shade with age.

Burmese cat

Favorable time to purchase

It is better to buy jewelry from this stone after drawing up the natal chart, and special attention should be paid to which house the descending lunar node Ketu is located in.

Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn and Aquarius should consult an astrologer before purchasing a mineral.

cat tiger eye

If you are not confident in your ability to distinguish a real stone from a fake, and it is difficult to understand what kind of mineral is offered under the name “cat’s eye,” then it is better to use the services of an expert gemologist.

Thai cat

This breed became famous in history; there are many legends and beliefs about them; it was believed that they drove away evil forces. Pets are relatively small, strong and slender. This breed is distinguished by good health and long life. They become strongly attached to their owners and cannot stand loneliness, and can appear stubborn and independent. They themselves are very smart, cheerful, playful, energetic and never sit still, noisy, they find it easy to communicate with other pets, but only in the role of leader.

Thai cat

The use of gems in the fight against diseases

The healing properties of the cat's eye stone deserve no less attention than the magical ones. Since the mineral looks like a cat’s pupil, lithotherapists recommend using it in the treatment of ophthalmological diseases. The gem improves visual acuity, reduces eye fatigue, normalizes intraocular pressure, and develops night vision. It is especially useful to carry the mineral with you for people who spend a lot of time in front of a computer monitor or working with books and documents. To be convinced of the magical properties of the stone, it should be applied to the eyelids for 2-3 minutes several times a day. The procedure will effectively relieve eye fatigue and improve visual acuity.

Green cat's eye is an effective remedy for treating throat diseases. If, at the first symptoms of a cold or acute viral infection, you put beads or a pendant with gems around your neck, the illness will quickly pass and will not cause complications in the person. Jewelry with green stone should be preferred by people suffering from arterial hypertension. The gem will help a person raise blood pressure and normalize well-being. The same effect can be obtained if you wear a product made of a blue gem. Hypertensive patients should use jewelry with an orange or yellow stone to reduce blood pressure. Red gems should be worn by people suffering from blood diseases or lacking vital energy. They also effectively treat sexual dysfunctions.

Silver earrings with alpanite, cubic zirconia, mother-of-pearl and cat's eyes (go to the SUNLIGHT catalog)

Lithotherapists recommend using pink cat's eye for people suffering from chronic insomnia. The soft-hued stone has a beneficial effect on the human nervous system, eliminates nightmares, normalizes sleep and promotes good rest. If it is not possible to get pink gems, they can be successfully replaced with gray ones.

The cat's eye mineral will benefit elderly patients diagnosed with cardiovascular pathologies. When used correctly, it can quickly restore a person after a stroke or heart attack. The stone is also suitable for people suffering from diseases of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, spleen and thyroid gland. It reduces headaches, reduces the intensity and frequency of bronchial asthma attacks. In Asian countries, traditional healers advise patients to finger rosaries or cat's eye beads in order to relieve nervous tension and get rid of mental illness. In this process, the color of the stones themselves does not matter.

Snow-shoe

Can be considered one of the newest shorthaired breeds. This is the result of crossing bicolor American Shorthairs with Siamese cats. The breed has an amiable character and a pleasant voice, and they do not create noise at all. They are affectionate, curious, friendly, absolutely unobtrusive, and in places they can be independent and proud. They hate loneliness; a long stay in this state contributes to very big changes in behavior.

Cats of this breed interact well with all pets and love children. It may seem strange, but these cats are incredibly fond of water and will never miss the opportunity to take a little swim.

Snow-shoe

How to spot a fake

You cannot buy a real cat's eye in the gem markets and in cheap ignoble frames, its cost is too high. It can only be purchased in a specialized store, with all the documentation, which will indicate whether it has been processed in any way.

1. The mineral is very hard, leaves scratches on the glass, and only a diamond or ruby ​​can leave a mark on it. This quality is one of the criteria for verifying the authenticity of a gem.
2. The second way to distinguish a fake from a natural stone is to place it in a dark place. Amazingly, a true cat's eye will begin to emit a faint glow, similar to the flickering of a cat's pupil in the darkness.
3. The third sign of natural chrysoberyl is its natural shine, which is visible to the naked eye. And if you wipe the stone with a soft cloth, it will sparkle even brighter.
4. The fourth method is the speed of warming the stone in your hand. The natural one will remain cool for a long time, and the synthetic one will heat up quickly.
5. The fifth way is to observe whether the strip of light moves when the stone rotates. A real stone has a static stripe.

Important: natural cymophane is almost never used in earrings, because it is very difficult to find two stones with similar patterns. Beads from these stones are also created in isolated cases: the stone is quite heavy and very expensive, its cost is comparable to ruby, diamond, and sapphire.

Ragdoll

These cats are large (the third largest in the world) and have unparalleled thick and long hair. They differ from others in their passivity and relaxed muscle tone. Their character is quite pleasant, they are friendly, good-natured and affectionate, they are also very smart and incredibly loyal. They can also be considered excellent companions for other pets and children, because they completely lack aggression. The ideal living environment for this breed is peace and quiet, they cannot tolerate noise, but under no circumstances should they be left alone. They also differ in their slow development.

Ragdoll

Foreign white

The Shorthair breed is the result of crossing a White British Shorthair and a Siamese cat. Representatives of this breed are distinguished by intelligence and intelligence, thanks to this they can even teach and follow commands. They have a very slender and muscular physique, and at the same time they have an inherent grace. They are kind to their owners and get used to them, they get along well with children, but still such a cat needs to be handled carefully. But as for relationships with pets, here it is simply vital for such a cat to take a leadership position. By their nature, they are quite calm and balanced, they will not get underfoot and impose themselves, but it is still not recommended to leave them alone.

Foreign white

The meaning of the stone in ancient times

If today jewelry with a cat's eye is available to everyone, then in ancient times only sorcerers and shamans could wear this mineral. Ancient wizards called it the eye of the devil and were confident that it would enhance their supernatural abilities. Any self-respecting white or black magician carried a gem with him, believing that it would help him influence people.

Ancient eastern magic considered the greenish-yellow digital stone to be an ideal stone for a person, wonderfully combining Yin and Yang - opposite energies, symbolizing the feminine and masculine principles. For this reason, Chinese sages advise wearing amulets and amulets with stones not only for women, but also for men. A talisman with a mineral will help a gentle and kind person to develop strength of character, become more decisive and purposeful. If an aggressive and rude person wears the stone, then after a while she will become much more tactful and calm.

You can use a cat's eye for magical purposes only with good intentions. If a person wants to harm others with the help of a gem, he risks bringing misfortune upon himself.

White Persian cats

This is one of the most ancient breeds, it appeared in the 16th century. Cats are not the largest, medium-sized, and have thick, long and fluffy hair. By nature they are affectionate, peaceful and friendly, preferring tranquility and a more passive lifestyle, although they also like to play. They treat their owners with special reverence; they become very attached to people, so separation is simply unbearable for them. Persian cats are incredibly peaceful and will thrive in any environment.

The popularity of this breed among European aristocrats was instilled by Queen Victoria, who had more than a dozen of these cats. Now anyone can have such a pet.

White Persian cat

Palette of shades

This interesting stone belongs to the “eye quartz” variety. Like other stones in this group, cat's eye contains crocodolite and asbestos crystals. It is the presence of these crystals that determines the iridescent surface of the stone. A dark stone is valued more than a light one. It just stays in the ground longer, becoming more and more beautiful with every century.

It’s not for nothing that the stone acquired such a name – its color is very similar to a cat’s eye. It may be green, yellow-green, or honey-colored. There are stones of other colors as well. Women and young people like to wear a white stone as a talisman. The mineral, which has a blue tone, is unusually beautiful. The blue cat's eye can shimmer in shades from soft blue to green. Minerals can be very different in color. Bright blue, calm blue, noble white, seasoned gray and even joyful orange minerals are often found in store windows in jewelry and talismans .

Gems with a stripe that has a white tint are highly valued. This stripe appears when the stone is cut into a cabochon. By cutting the gem into two halves, the silver stripe creates an original effect.

Turkish Angora

A specially bred long-haired cat breed is now actively gaining popularity among lovers of blue-eyed pets. Many years of complex and painstaking work by breeders has led to such a successful result. This breed has many colors, but meeting a snow-white cat, of which there used to be many, is now very rare.

They themselves are small, of medium size, have a slender physique, in which one can notice grace, the limbs and tail are long, supposedly emphasizing the elegance of the silhouette. Smart, sociable, friendly - that's all about them. They do not leave their owner for a second, as they need attention; because of this feature, they have a hard time experiencing loneliness.

Turkish Angora

Brief description of individual varieties of the mineral

Of all the stones in which a light strip moves across the surface, the most expensive is chrysoberyl cat's eye. This gem has high hardness, glassy luster and exhibits the brightest luminous effect. In addition to the yellow-green hue, chrysoberyl can be red, honey, emerald green, dark brown and gray. Its more expensive and rare variety is alexandrite, characterized by a bluish-green, purple, red-violet or crimson glow. All types of stone are united by a special golden glow. The largest deposits of chrysoberyl cat's eye are located in Madagascar and Ceylon. In the Russian Federation, tsifoman is mined in the Middle Urals in the Malyshevskoye deposit.

Quartz cat's eye is a popular and relatively inexpensive variety of opaque or translucent quartz. Absolutely transparent samples of the mineral are very rare. A distinctive feature of the stone is the fine-fibrous inclusions of actinolite and other asbestos minerals grown into its thickness. This type of quartz has a yellowish-brown, green or yellow color. The reflective stripe on the surface of quartz cat's eye is not as bright as that of chrysoberyl stone. This is explained by the presence of coarse reflective fibers in its structure. The mineral is mined in many parts of the planet. Its largest deposits are located in Brazil, Germany, India and Ceylon. A unique iridescent white stone was discovered near the town of Quartzite, located in the US state of Arizona.

While quartz and chrysoberyl stones with a cat's eye effect are found predominantly in yellow, green and red tones, moonstone and aquamarine can be white, blue or indigo. Today, opals, tourmalines, beryls, sapphires, rubies, and topazes are subjected to special treatment to produce a mesmerizing vertical reflection on the surface of the mineral. The cat's eye effect allows you to add extra shine to precious gems and make their glow even more magical and alluring.

Scottish fold cats

The short-haired cat breed is relatively small in size. They are very fluffy and look like a plush toy. These cats have an unusual feature - they can stand on their hind legs for a long time.

Representatives of this breed are distinguished by intelligence, good nature and calmness; they are moderately active, but nevertheless cheerful and cheerful. They love peace and silence, and they themselves do not create noise. They are also proud, graceful and certainly will not allow themselves to be offended, which cannot be said by their appearance. Although the cat loves its owners, it will not get in the way, begging for attention, and you won’t be able to squeeze it in your arms for a long time, they don’t really like it.

Scottish cats thrive alone and are ideal for busy people. They don’t know how to get along with children or pets; playfulness and peacefulness towards others is not their thing.

Scottish fold cat

Where to buy a kitten?

Buying a kitten in Russia or Ukraine is not a problem. Thai catteries have existed here for a long time; if you wish, you can find good breeders. Be sure to pay attention to the living conditions of the animals.

Watch the cat. Healthy babies are active, mobile and playful. Feel the tail. Creases, bends and knots indicate a faulty breed. The presence of white spots in the color is also considered a defect.

The cost of each individual kitten depends on many factors. Therefore, only the breeder can name the exact cost of an individual. On average, the price per animal ranges from 6 to 30 thousand rubles.

Ojos Azules

Scientists did not spend a single second to create this breed; nature did everything for them. Today, the breed is quite rare, so much so that even in its homeland (New Mexico) it is difficult to meet such a cat, since there are only a few dozen of them left in the whole world. The main feature of pets is their eye color; they are often deep or dark blue; this is an incredibly beautiful sight, one might say, even slightly hypnotic.

Cats themselves can be either medium or large in size and are characterized by a slender and muscular build. Representatives of this breed have a very pleasant character, they are friendly to people from birth. Active, playful and cheerful, you definitely won’t get bored with them. Apart from this, they are smart and have a well-developed intellect. This cat gets along well with children and pets, but still should not be left unattended.

Ojos Azules

Selecting a stone by its color

The huge supply of energy that this mineral conceals can bring both benefits and failures to people. Although they used to believe that the gem belonged to the forces of evil, it would not be able to seriously harm people. Even if the cat mineral is worn by an unkind and dishonest person, the maximum that the eye can do is to attract bad luck. He does not allow any deaths, serious illnesses or other misfortunes, no matter how much the person deserves it. This attitude allows us to consider the stone a real protector. If you divide minerals by color, you can see that the white gem is considered an excellent amulet for mothers. It helps them get rid of panic fears associated with children and worries about them. In addition, the gem protects against female diseases. The blue mineral “loves” dreamers. And even more, he likes to make their dreams come true. Of course, a blue stone cannot make a beggar a millionaire, but the stone is quite capable of pushing him on the right path.

The green-colored stone is used primarily for medicinal purposes. With its help, a variety of ailments are treated, but to a greater extent the mineral tends to heal throat diseases. Any cold will disappear if you take action in time and turn to the stone for help. With the help of a sunny-colored stone, women can regulate their cycles, and older people can regulate their blood pressure. Experts recommend it even at the first signs of asthma. Those who are tired of fighting the influence of the “green” serpent are surprised to discover that the cat’s eye is a real salvation from this destructive passion. Natural cat stone has long been used to treat mental disorders. Previously, mental illnesses were explained by the influence of the devil, which is why this gem was used to expel Satan from the patient’s body. But the most important property of the eye is the ability to enhance the effect of drugs. Any cat's eye helps to recover faster, because medicines do not always have a full range of resources to fight the disease. Summarizing all the properties of the mineral, it is worth saying that a beautiful cat’s eye, as if reflecting the strong energy of a predator, is extremely popular among those who want to make noticeable changes in their lives. Green, yellow, brown, blue, snow-white mineral sometimes becomes a real salvation. When choosing a gem by shade, you need to remember what goals you are pursuing: whether they meet the parameters of kindness that this mineral loves so much. And if this is so, then you can safely purchase the talisman.

Khao-mani

This breed can be considered legendary, because the history of its creation has passed many years and, as we can see, its demand has not fallen to this day, on the contrary, it is gaining popularity. In her homeland, Thailand, they believe that such a cat brings good luck and prosperity to the house.

Representatives of this breed are characterized by an unusual appearance, especially their eyes, they are like their calling card. Among such cats, heterochromia is widespread, when the color of the iris of the eyes is uneven, and sometimes the eyes can be completely different colors.

They are distinguished by a slender and muscular physique, and the tight-fitting coat seems to emphasize all the advantages of the silhouette. They are also characterized by elegance and grace in all movements.

They are affectionate and friendly, quickly get used to people, so they have a hard time experiencing separation and loneliness. These are excellent companions for both children and a wide variety of pets. By nature they are active, cheerful, playful and curious.

Khao-mani

Features of chocolate color

The black color gene, or rather its mutation, is responsible for the appearance of chocolate color. As a result of the reduction in the amount of eumelanin granules, the black color gradually changes from chocolate or chestnut to cinnamon.

Chocolate is recessive to black, and cinnamon is recessive to chocolate.

Black cats often have a red tint to their fur, which makes them appear brownish in the sun.

Reference. Eumelanin granules are spherical in shape, absorb 98% of sunlight and produce black pigmentation.

The chocolate, chestnut and brown coats are a rich chestnut brown. The iris is green, copper or orange. The nose is brown, the paw pads are brown or cinnamon.

British blue-eyed cats

This breed has taken all the best qualities for itself; they are considered a kind of aristocracy. The cats have a medium, slightly muscular, strong and massive build.

The character is very unique, it contains both kindness and friendliness, as well as pride, independence and courage. Thanks to these character traits, cats of this breed will not beg for attention and get in the way. They love their owners, but they tolerate separation quite well, because they will always find something to do with themselves; this is an excellent pet option for a busy person.

Representatives of this breed get along well with children and pets; their calmness, restraint and non-aggressive behavior are perhaps their biggest plus.

British blue-eyed cat

How to choose a kitten

When you arrive to pick up your pet, you need to pay attention not only to the presence of documents confirming the pedigree. There is no need to figure out what to name the club kitten: the name, color, gender, date of birth are indicated in the documents. It is necessary to make sure that the baby is healthy and has all routine vaccinations. Important points when choosing a kitten:

1. Behavior. A healthy animal is mobile. A weakened cat shows no interest in toys or rustling objects, his tail hangs down, and he stands unsteadily on his paws.
2. Condition of the coat. The surface of the client's fur coat should be dense, without bald spots. The baby is restless and itchy, and his fur coat is covered with black dots - there is a possibility of infection with parasites. You need to make sure the surface of the skin is clean and free of fleas.
3. Examination of eyes and ears. The strong kitten’s eyes are clean and not watery; there is no discharge from the nose, the pharynx is even pinkish in color, without growths, crusts, the ears are dry, there is no brown discharge.
4. Abdominal examination. The cat calmly reacts to stroking its belly, otherwise (meows loudly, breaks out of hands) the pet is sick. It is wet under the tail: the pet may have diarrhea.

Siamese cat

This is one of the most famous and sought-after breeds in the whole world, as well as one of the most ancient. Previously, they were revered as sacred and they believed that such a cat was a powerful amulet against everything bad, namely evil spirits, the belief in which scared people to death.

Cats of this breed are distinguished by their athletic build; they are slender and muscular, while being elegant, graceful and graceful. They can also boast of their coat; their coat, although short, is incredibly silky and soft.

Their character is also quite interesting, they are friendly, affectionate, smart, love people, curious and active. They get too used to their owners and suffer when separated. Such cats need a lot of space, because they love to have fun and literally turn over everything they see on their way. They are also not the quietest pets; they have a loud and deep voice, with which they will not miss the opportunity to attract attention in this way.

Siamese cat

Mr. Cat advises: breeds not included in the TOP

There are equally beautiful cat breeds that are not included in the TOP:

• British Shorthair: Comes in a variety of colors. Their muzzle is rounded with large cheeks. The eye tone is light blue. Cats are strong and muscular, and have large dimensions. They prefer to walk rather than climb.
• Scottish Fold: Scottish Folds have varied coat colors. The iris can be a different blue tone. It acquires its final color by the age of one year.
• White Persians: This fluffy breed (with blue eyes) is very rare, prized and worth a lot of money. Often cats of this species are born deaf.
• Devon Rex: Has soft, curly fur, large ears, and a long muzzle with high cheekbones. The animal is characterized by rapid mood changes.
• Russian White: has a silky coat of medium length. The animal's physique is fragile. Temperament is calm. Eyes can be blue, amber, green.
• White Sphynx: the animal is hypoallergenic due to the lack of hair. A sign of the purebred breed is light pink skin and blue eyes. Cats of this species require careful care. They feel comfortable only at home, next to their owner.
• Kao Mani: the breed is young, unstable. Geneticists are working on this. The animal loves people and trusts everyone without exception. His fur is short and shiny. The undercoat is weak or absent.

Each cat has its own characteristics and temperament.

Choosing a pet must be taken seriously. Understand what responsibility will be placed on your shoulders. Any pet needs to be given enough attention, especially purebred ones.