Joint dysplasia in cats: details about the disease

The Latin word "dysplasia" translates as "improper development." That is, the process can be observed in any tissue. As for the musculoskeletal system, dysplasia of the hip and elbow joints is distinguished. In the hind limbs, it affects the articular head of the femur and the socket of the pelvic bone. As a result, mobility is limited and the animal experiences pain. The elbow is less commonly affected and occurs as a result of metabolic disorders.

Traumatic causes of dysplasia appear due to improper load in young large dogs. Excessive tension in the joints with rapidly growing bones leads to damage to the capsule and impact on the cartilage. A puppy that avoids movement or complains of lameness should definitely be seen by a doctor. With the right approach to treating the disease at an early stage, consequences in adulthood can be avoided.

What is joint dysplasia

Each joint is formed by the articular surface of the rounded ends of the bones, surrounded by an articular capsule. Inside there is an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid. Normally, all components of the joint correspond to each other and are firmly held by ligaments.

With dysplasia, due to developmental deficiency, the mobility of bones inside the joint increases, a pathological gap is formed between them, as a result of which the joint cannot fully function.

Description of the disease

Translated from Greek, dysplasia means “disorder, change in shape.” And this fully reflects the essence of the disease, in which improper development and formation of a tissue or organ occurs.

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Previously, it was believed that only dogs were susceptible to dysplasia, but over time, this pathology began to be diagnosed in cats, especially purebred ones. According to statistics, large breeds of cats suffer from dysplasia. Thus, among Maine Coon representatives the probability of developing pathology is 18%. Breeds such as Norwegian Forest, British, Scottish, and Persian are also at risk.

Cats are diagnosed with two types of joint dysplasia:

• Hip dysplasia is the most common and affects the lower limbs of the animal.
• Elbow dysplasia is much less common and is a pathology of the forelimbs in cats.

Hip dysplasia in cats can occur at an early age, which has a significant impact on their later life. In this condition, the femur does not align properly with the pelvis. This means that the head of the femur moves relative to the pelvic cavity and a free space appears between them. With this pathology, the connective tissue is the first to be affected, and then the bones are deformed.

With forelimb dysplasia, the bones may not fit together due to their shape or size. In addition, microcracks may appear in the lower part of the bones or they may increase due to salt deposition.

Due to improper development and deformation of the joints, excessive mobility occurs. Over time, the friction of the joint elements increases, and the pressure on them increases significantly. As a result, bone and cartilage tissue are destroyed and many diseases of the musculoskeletal system develop.

Congenital and acquired dysplasia

Cats have congenital and acquired joint dysplasia. The largest percentage of cases is a congenital anomaly that occurs during embryonic development. But at present, scientists cannot identify a specific gene responsible for the development of dysplasia. They believe that this defect is formed under the influence of a specific set of chromosomes or a certain sequence of their connection.

According to another hypothesis, dysplasia is provoked by the synthesis of an insufficient amount of hyaluronic acid, which is part of the synovial fluid. This indicator is laid down at the genetic level, and it is impossible to influence it by external factors.

Acquired dysplasia can be caused by:

• intensive growth of kittens;
• an unbalanced diet, when the body receives an excess amount of phosphorus with a lack of calcium;
• birth injuries.

Note! The most intensive growth in the first months of life is observed in cats of the Asher breed. And although the debate about the recognition of this breed still does not subside, when choosing a pet, owners need to approach the assessment of its constitutional characteristics “with passion”, and also very carefully select the diet.

Risk factors

Hip dysplasia in a cat is caused by a number of possible reasons. The most significant factor is considered to be excess body weight. As a result, joint pathology is more often diagnosed in Maine Coons. However, there are other breeds that are more susceptible to dysplasia:

• British;
• Persian;
• exotics;
• Siamese.

The following risk factors are also identified:

Pathology can develop in an animal that eats only dry food.

• pathology of bone tissue;
• complications after suffering traumatic injuries;
• excess high-calorie foods on the menu;
• low physical activity;
• lack of calcium in the body;
• feeding exclusively with ready-made dry complementary foods;
• hormonal imbalance.

Causes of dysplasia in cats

Owners should understand that genetic predisposition to the disease is not a death sentence. Thanks to proper feeding and maintenance, the degree of development of pathology can be minimized. Therefore, you need to know the reasons for the development of dysplasia in cats in order to avoid mistakes in care.

• Obesity. Excess weight significantly increases the load on the animal's osteoarticular apparatus, leading to its deformation. In addition, an obese pet leads a sedentary lifestyle, as a result of which the muscles and ligaments weaken and no longer fully support the skeleton. Therefore, any sudden movement or physical activity can provoke pathological changes in the joint, leading to dysplasia.

• Injuries. After bone fractures, joint dislocations, sprains (ruptures) of ligaments, muscles or tendons, a natural redistribution of weight occurs, during which the load on healthy limbs increases, and, as a result, the risk of developing joint dysplasia increases. If during an injury the joint capsule was damaged and synovial fluid leaked out, then irreversible changes will certainly occur in the joint, leading to dysplasia.
• Low level of physical activity. Even pets with normal weight should have a well-developed muscular corset that holds the articular surfaces of the bones at a certain distance from each other. With low muscle tone, compression of articular cartilage and menisci occurs, protrusions, hernias and dysplasia occur.
• Early sterilization. The optimal age for sterilization of cats is considered to be from seven months to two years. Removing the gonads too early leads to changes in overall hormonal levels, slower bone growth and the deposition of subcutaneous fat.
• Rickets. Insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D during the period of intensive growth and intrauterine development of kittens leads to the development of rickets. It manifests itself as curvature of the spine, deformation of the limbs and chest.

Note! Vitamin D is not synthesized in the skin of cats under the influence of sunlight, as it happens in humans. Therefore, it makes no sense to “replenish” your pet’s reserves of this vitamin by walking in the fresh air.

• Hormonal disorders. Impaired bone mineralization occurs when the thyroid gland malfunctions, since it is responsible for the rate of bone tissue regeneration. Dysplasia can also form due to insufficient production of growth hormone synthesized by the pituitary gland.
• Poor nutrition. Even though cats are carnivores, their diet should include grains, vegetables and fruits. Feeding only meat and meat products does not provide the pet with all the necessary microelements and vitamins, and the lack of fiber negatively affects the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, the absorption of nutrients and the development of beneficial microflora. It is also worth noting that ready-made economy and premium food do not provide animals with the necessary substances for growth and development, which also leads to osteoporosis and dysplasia.

Symptoms

Age-related changes appear in growing pets. For example, elbow deformity develops within six months and is immediately accompanied by symptoms.

Signs of the disease depend on the severity of the pathology:

• the appearance of an unsteady gait;
• the cat stops jumping on high surfaces;
• kittens develop lameness (at first - when the pet lies in one position for a long time, as the pathology progresses - the symptom becomes permanent);
• the paws become bent and become X-shaped;
• a frisky cat stops moving quickly;
• muscles begin to atrophy, accompanied by weakness of the paws and weight loss of the pet;
• thickening at the bends of the limbs;
• the cat cannot sit in the “Egyptian” pose;
• when the pet lies on its stomach, spreads its paws to the sides;
• A crunching sound can be heard when the cat moves.

If the initial stage of the disease is not treated and osteoarthritis begins, the pet begins to move with great difficulty or completely loses the ability to walk independently.

Symptoms and first signs of dysplasia in cats

Characteristic symptoms and the first signs of dysplasia in cats begin to appear during a period of intensive growth. Abnormalities of the elbow joints become noticeable only from the age of six months.

The degree of their manifestation depends on the stage of development of the pathology. The first warning signs are:

• tension and unnatural gait;
• lameness after sleep, and in severe cases - constantly;
• curvature of limbs;
• muscle atrophy and enlargement of limb joints;
• inactivity;
• a crunch made by joint surfaces rubbing against each other during movement.

Young kittens may meow frequently in pain while moving. They try not to make sudden movements and jumps. Adult animals cannot bend their hind legs under themselves when sitting and hide them under their stomach while lying on a horizontal surface.

Treatment of DTBS

As noted earlier, many cats with TBS do not experience any discomfort. If a cat with this diagnosis is overweight, then regulating its weight will reduce the manifestation of discomfort. For cats with obvious clinical manifestations of THD (lameness, pain), drug treatment is used.

Veterinarians prescribe anti-inflammatory and painkillers, as well as feed additives to restore the joint. Limiting exercise (for example, limiting the animal's going outside or jumping high) will also help treatment. In severe cases, surgical removal of the head and neck of the femur is used, and the damaged tissue of the joint is excised. After this operation, the joint begins to function properly again, and cats experience pain and discomfort as soon as the postoperative recovery period is over.

Physical rehabilitation methods are used as a weight loss measure and a drug-free treatment for hip dysplasia in cats, as in dogs. Rehabilitation is also indicated to restore range of motion and form the muscle frame in the postoperative period.

(c) Veterinary center for the treatment and rehabilitation of animals “Zoostatus”. Varshavskoe highway, 125 building 1. tel.
8 (499) 372-27-37

Breed predispositions

It is worth noting, first of all, such large cats as the Maine Coon. 18% of this breed suffer from dysplasia.

The following are:

• British;
• Scottish fold;
• Siamese;
• Persian;
• Norwegian forest

Causes of the disease

The main cause of the disease is hereditary predisposition. The disease is transmitted to the kitten from one of the parents. They say that the mutation that causes symptoms of dysplasia can manifest itself after 14 generations, so before mating you need to very carefully study the pedigree of the animal.

Genetic studies have shown that there is no specific gene responsible for the presence or absence of this disease. The cause of the disease is hidden disturbances in the number or structure of chromosomes that arise during the fertilization stage. Such violations always lead to deviations in the functioning of various organs and systems. That is why more and more genetic abnormalities and hereditary diseases of cats are being identified, characteristic of some specific breeds or groups of breeds.

Provoking factors

DTHD can be provoked by a whole complex of various predisposing factors, the main of which is the significant weight of the animal and its rapid growth. That is why Maine Coon cats, which are the largest cats, are more susceptible to the disease than other cat breeds. According to research by the International Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, the incidence of dysplasia among individuals of this breed is 18-25%.

And yet there are several more breeds that are most susceptible to this disease:

• British;
• Persian;
• exotic;
• Siamese;
• Scottish Fold (Scottish Fold).

Among other provoking factors, the most important are:

• obesity;
• various bone diseases;
• consequences of previous injuries;
• early sterilization of the animal, which promotes weight gain;
• incorrectly composed diet, excessively rich in calories;
• physical inactivity.

There is a hypothesis that dysplasia can be triggered by insufficient hyaluronic acid in the synovial fluid, which serves as a lubricant for joints.

Tests and methods for diagnosing dysplasia

It is impossible to make an accurate diagnosis and begin proper treatment using clinical signs alone at home. Therefore, you should take the animal to the clinic, where tests will be prescribed.

• Collection of anamnestic data. During the survey, the specialist examines the pedigree (if any), finds out the presence of the disease in the parents and other kittens from the litter, the characteristics of pregnancy and childbirth, the presence of birth injuries, and the time of the first signs.
• Clinical examination. It includes examination of the limbs and spinal column, palpation, determination of the presence and degree of bone deformation.
• Laboratory analysis of blood and urine. An increased number of leukocytes indicates the development of inflammation in the body and the presence of associated pathologies.
• Study of the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Since general anesthesia is required for radiography, before administering it the doctor must make sure that the animal does not suffer from heart disease.
• Arthroscopy. During this procedure, a specialist can assess the condition of the inner surface of the joint using an arthroscope inserted into it through a pinhole puncture.

Note! To conduct this examination, you need expensive equipment, appropriate qualifications and experience of specialists. Therefore, not every clinic can afford such a “luxury”. In addition, the high cost of the study does not make it possible to make it widespread and publicly available.

The final diagnosis is made based on radiography of the joint.

List of medications for dysplasia

In conservative therapy, medications are used to relieve symptoms and normalize the cat’s condition.

List of medications:

• Stride plus.
• Arthroglycan.
• Akti-Vet.
• Chionat.
• Discus Compositum.
• Hondraton.
• Rimadyl.
• Ketofen.
• Stop arthritis.
• Bonharen.
• Previcox.
• Target.

Additionally, intra-articular injections based on hyaluronic acid are used in treatment. Non-steroidal medications, anti-inflammatory, painkillers (Traumel), symptomatic medications, vitamins, mineral complexes, and alternative medicine may be prescribed.

Important! All medications, course of treatment, dosages should be prescribed only by verinar.

Test for dysplasia in cats

In 1983, scientists proposed a test for dysplasia called PennHIP. After completion in 1993, it became widespread, as it allows, with certain equipment, to recognize pathology at the earliest stages of development.

After general anesthesia and muscle relaxants that relax the skeletal muscles are administered, the cat is fixed on a special device in a stretched state. This makes it possible to move the femoral head away from the acetabulum to the maximum distance.

The doctor then takes several x-rays and calculates the DI displacement index by comparing the data obtained with the breed standard.

• A DI value of “0” indicates a severe degree of dysplasia and the presence of degenerative processes.
• DI=1 indicates low joint mobility.
• With an average degree of pathology, this coefficient is 0.5-0.6.

X-ray of the joint

The main method for diagnosing dysplasia today remains x-ray of the joint. It allows you to accurately assess the degree of tissue damage and bone condition.

The disadvantages of this survey are:

• age restrictions (the pet must be 2 years old at the time of the procedure);
• the need to administer general anesthesia to ensure complete immobility.

Note! If a cat suffers from heart pathologies and at the same time has a calm disposition, then radiography can be performed without anesthesia, but with careful fixation.

Juvenile symphysiodesis

The operation is quite simple and low-traumatic. The essence of the procedure is that it is necessary to partially block the growth zone along the symphysis of the pubic bones. Using an electrocoagulator, the symphysis is cauterized at intervals of 2-3 mm, power 40 W, exposure time - 10 seconds at each point, using an electrode in the form of a spatula. If a needle-shaped electrode is used, the exposure is 30 seconds. Since the procedure is performed at a young age, during the period of most active growth, the acetabulum spontaneously unfolds around the femoral heads due to slow growth in the symphysis area.

Rice. 5. Juvenile symphysiodesis.

The best results are observed in those animals who underwent this procedure at 16 weeks. The method is ineffective after 20 weeks.

The main advantages of the operation are its low-traumatic nature, low cost and complete restoration of weight-bearing ability. The main disadvantage is the very short period in which this procedure can be carried out. It is difficult to convince the owner of an animal who does not yet have any clinical problems to decide on this operation. Due to the lack of awareness among dog owners (few people check their pet for the presence of dysplasia at 3-4 months), the procedure is rarely performed, so we have to deal with really sick patients who already need surgical help.

Consequences of the disease

Conservative methods cannot completely restore the integrity of the joint and ensure its full functioning. Therefore, the consequences of the disease are:

• joint deformation;
• degeneration of bone and cartilage tissue;
• secondary osteoarthritis;
• hip subluxation;
• hip dislocation;
• pelvic deformity;
• arthritis;
• complete loss of joint mobility.

As a result of these complications, cats become very difficult to move and experience increased pain.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis was carried out using the classic DAMNITV mnemonic method (Appendix 1). The initial suspicion of trauma (history, absence of tail, dirt, impaired movement) was rejected due to radiographic examination.

Appendix 1. Mnemonic method used in differential diagnosis called “DAMNITV”

D - degeneration A - anomaly (congenital) M - metabolism N - neoplasia (nutritional) I - inflammation/infection/ideopathic/iatrogenic nature T - trauma/toxicosis V - vascularization

The complete absence of pain reaction made it possible to exclude injury in the area of ​​the lumbosacral joint of the spinal column, as well as spondylodiscitis and inflammation of the spinal cord. It is unlikely that the animal could have a neoplasm at this age. The assumption, based on the results of a neurological study (paresis, jumping, ataxia, etc.), was focused on an anomaly of a congenital nature. The absence of a tail, as well as the results of a clinical and complete neurological examination with the addition of an x-ray, led to the conclusion that we are talking about dysplasia at the level of the sacro-caudal joint. This congenital anomaly is often found in individuals with a short tail or no tail, such as the Manx breed.

Prevention measures

The main measures to prevent dysplasia are:

• culling and sterilization of kittens with a genetic predisposition to the disease;
• feeding pets with high-quality food, balanced in the content of nutrients, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus and other minerals;
• preventing obesity;
• regular examination by an orthopedist.

The cat should have a soft bed. It should be placed in a warm place where there are no drafts, which can provoke inflammatory processes in the joints.